Letter from a Birmingham Jail [King, Jr.] 16 April 1963 Essay

Letter from a Birmingham Jail [King, Jr.] 16 April 1963 - Essay Example â€Å"Seldom do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would have little time for anything other than such correspondence in the course of the day, and I would have no time for constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine goodwill and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statements in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms.† (2- 6). Marting Luther King Jr. was such a highly respected man of his time that his name left people with a strong sense of logic and emotional appeal . This can clearly be seen as he argues his logos that we must â€Å"... consider a more concrete example of just and unjust laws. An unjust law is a code that a numerical or power majority group compels a minority group to obey but does not make binding on itself. This is difference made legal. By the same token, a just law is a code that a majority compels a minority to follow and that it is willing to follow itself. This is sameness made equal.†(161-162). His emotional pleas in the letter use pathos as he addressed the Birmingham police force and their use of force when keeping peace and order in the city. By discussing the mistakes of the police officers during the protest rallies, he asks the public and the clergymen to rethink their position about the effectiveness of the police action. He asks, â€Å"I doubt that you would so quickly commend the policemen if you were to observe their ugly and inhumane treatment of Negroes here in the city jail; if you were to watch them push and curse old Negro women and young Negro girls; if you were to see them slap and kick old Negro men and young boys; if you were to observe them, as they did on two occasions, refuse to give us food because we wanted to sing our grace together. I cannot join you in your

How does the Bible describe sin ( Hamartiology) Essay

How does the Bible describe sin ( Hamartiology) - Essay Example In this paper the author analyses a part of systematic theology, Hamartiology, as the official ‘Doctrine of Sin’ and tends to explicate the meaning, denotation and consequences of sin. Hamartiology has been a controversial subject amongst experts, some believe in the original sin point of view which was given to us by Apostle Paul, whereas some such argue that humans were either not at all affected by the fall of man, another segment of Hamartiology also discusses that whether humans were or were not affected by the fall of man is irrelevant, but the human race is sinful by nature because of the devil. Except for the concept of original sin, the Hamartiology section in theology also deals with other types of sin, and exactly describes what God actually means when he mentions sin in the great book. Numerous excerpts from the testaments have been taken to express the Bible’s outlook towards sin, which in abstract point towards two meanings; the first being transgres sion and the second to miss or overlook the mark. Within this essay sin, its origination, and its nature have also been discussed thoroughly. A major section of Hamartiology deals with the comprehension of ‘original sin’, which states that, us humans being descendants of Adam and Eve are not what God actually crafted as most Christians believe. Within the bible, numerous words are used which are synonymic to sin, some of the terms are unrighteousness, transgression, against the will of god, defiling god, non-belief in god, and of course trespassing.

Clinical supervision and reflections on practice Essay

Clinical supervision and reflections on practice - Essay Example Reflections and Supervision: Caring for the sick and elderly Conclusion References Introduction Reflective strategies are used to enhance professional observation of the work experience with others and it enhances clinical supervision. Reflection is a process of generating meaning from experiences by considering actions taken with the aim of improving upon future decision-making (Jasper, 2003). Reflective strategies help in identifying gaps in knowledge, skills and learning needs. Reflective strategies also help in analysing communication and relationships with colleagues. Reflective strategies examine decisions taken and are essential in order to identify errors made during decision-making and steps to be avoided when making future decisions. One strategy which the author has used herself for reflection in her work place is clinical supervision. In the future, she would like to consider the use a reflective diary as well. The following discussion will be contextualized both in terms of relevant literature and postings in the MOODLE Discussion Forum by this author and various contributors commenting on the usefulness of a â€Å"reflective diary† and the value of â€Å"management and supervision† of the nursing practice. As the MOODLE postings show, practice may be perceived as benefiting from reflection and supervision. Not everyone agrees, however. Nevertheless, postings on this and the issue of supervision are a very useful way of entering on a discussion of their benefits. Reflections and Supervision: Caring for the sick and elderly â€Å"Reflective practice is associated with learning from experience and is viewed as an important strategy for health professionals who embrace life-long learning† (NHS Guidelines, 2006). Reflecting upon one’s work or practise as a nurse is thus essential (Nursing Standard, 2011; Jasper, 2003). When finding oneself in a difficult situation, one may benefit from stopping and taking time to reflect on what just transpired with the goal to learn from a past mistake in order to make amendments and adjustments to be able to do things differently next time (Johns, 1995). Reflecting upon one’s own position in a certain work process that typically involves a team that has to interact to produce a beneficial outcome, scrutinizing one’s own emotions and the way one often â€Å"balances† between the demands of biology and medicine and the needs of the sick one cares for as a nurse is fundamental to ensure â€Å"best practices† (Bowling, 2009). Keeping a â€Å"reflective journal† or a â€Å"reflective diary† are effective reflective techniques (Heath, 1998, pp. 592-598). Other useful reflective strategies include mentoring, clinical supervision, appraisals, handovers, meetings, group supervision. These means imply an evaluation of skills and enhance learning. The author of this essay has herself benefited from reflecting on her practice and various factual events when she was a student nurse, recording her private experiences, emotions, thoughts and views in a â€Å"reflective diary†. Once a qualified nurse, she abandoned the use of this important tool but has again come to realize its great benefit for nurses in always attending to the above-mentioned distinction and the uniqueness and humanity of each patient. â€Å"I have overlooked the reflective diary in my experience as a qualified nurse at junior level, even as a unit manager. I felt limited by it, and if one loses the diary all the data are lost. After doing the APEL module, my focus is totally different. From the 1st of Feb 20011 till my retirement I am determined to reflect on my practise, use a reflective diary and make a secure electronic copy of it† (â€Å"Reflective Diary†, this author, MOODLE Discussion Forum, 24 January 2011). There is wide agreement on the Forum on the usefulness of the diary (cf. Rolfe et al., 2001). One contributor note s that she qualified as a nurse a long while ago and not until

Reverse phase High Pressure Liquid Chromatography for measuring hydrolysis of ester Essay Example for Free

Reverse phase High Pressure Liquid Chromatography for measuring hydrolysis of ester Essay Reverse-Phase High performance chromatography consists of any method of chromatography that utilizes a non-polar phase. In the early part of 1970s, non-modofied alumina or silica which has a greater attraction for polar elements and hydrophilic surface chemistry was used for majority of the liquid chromatography. Because of this, this method was said to be normal†. The elution order was however reversed with the introduction of a covalently bonded alkyl chain which reinforces the surface. In this method, the first to be eluted are the polar compounds while there is retention of the non-polar compounds hence the procedure is termed reversed phase Method validation It’s important to validate all various HPLC methods. Evaluation of suitability may not be necessary when methods from pharmacopoeia’s are utilizes given that the analyses are carried out with respect to the technique’s intended use. However, in situation where drug composition is being modified, a reevaluation of suitability of the HPLC method to its new intended use is necessary (Nagels etal, 2002). The variables tested in the validation process as stated by FDA, ICH and USP as well as other health bodies include: Accuracy, linearity, limit of quantitation, limit of detection specificity relativity, reproducibility precision which includes repeatability, intermediate precision as well as ruggedness/reproducibility (Amersham, 1999). Role of rp-HPLC method for the measuring hydrolysis of ester Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography can be used in separation quantitation of free fatty acids as well as its methyl esters obtained from tissue phosphopids of mineral. In this method, mixtures of water acetonitrile are utilized for elution of esters. For free acids to separate, aqueous phosphoric acid substitute for water. Quantification detection of unsaturated compounds are done by absorption at 192nm . After methyl esters have been prefractionated based on its unsaturation by argentation TLC, there is total rapid separation by elution with CH3CN. Reverse phase HPLC can both be applied as preparative analytic method as well as in biochemical separation and purification. Precision In rp-HPLC, precision is assessed by injection of several standards followed by measurement of the variability of the results. Three subcategories are obtained from the measured standard deviation . To assess repeatability, the operator executes the analysis in a laboratory over a short period of time. Then, the relative standard deviation is calculated from 5 or 6 determinates of two dissimilar matrices at 1 or 2 different concentrations. The ICH describes intermediate precision as long term variability this is estimated by comparison of several results of a single laboratory over several weeks. Variations of results gotten by different instruments, different batches of column and from operators with materials from dissimilar supplies are reflected in intermediate precision (Amersham, 1999) It is important to validate intermediate precision in rp-HPLC so that verification of same results being produced by same method in same laboratory following the phase of development could be possible. Reproducibility otherwise called ruggedness is simply inter-laboratory precision . It’s aim is to ensure that different laboratories will have same results using the method. Variables that affect the reproducibility of rp-HPLC include the varying operator experience, varying ages of equipment, differential supplies of columns, variation in humidity room temperature, different characteristics of equipment such as the delay capacity of HPLC system (Lebendiker, 2006). Accuracy is the degree in which test outcomes are proximate to the true value. This is obtained from outcome of quantitative assessment of a known sample. Whatever is measured is then compared to the known amount. Selectivity specificity These are usually interchanged . Selectivity of analytical method like rp-HPLC refers to its capability despite the presence of interference, to still be able to measure accurately (Guzzetta, 2010). Such interference includes enantiomers, degradation products and excipients. When selectivity of a method is verified, it becomes â€Å"Stability Indicating Method†. Limit of detection This refers to the least amount or concentration of analyte in a chromatographic sample that may not be quantifiable but is detectable. In rp-HPLC, the limit of detection is that amount which after injected gives a maximum height of 2 to 3 times as raised as the reference noise level. Limit of quantitation refers to the least amount injected that results in precise measurement. In rp-HPLC, maximum heights of about ten to twenty times greater than reference noise are usually required at precision of less than 10-15% RSD between intervals of results. Linearity With injection of three to five series of four or more standards with spanning concentration of 80-120% expected range, the linearity of a rp-HPLC analytical method can be determined (Amersham, 1999). Whether directly or by calculation, it is expected that the response should be in proportion to the analytes’ concentration. The intercept of linear regression formula applied to these results should not substantially differ from zero. An intercept of significant non-zero should be followed by validation that there is no impact on method accuracy (Alveldano etal, 2010). Principle This operates of the separation of substances based on hydrophobic binding between the stationary/immobile hydrophobic ligand (called the stationary phase) and the solute in the mobile phase (Amersham, 1999). The binding interaction is presumed to be due to favorable entropy effect. The original mobile phase conditions in rp-HPLC are aqueous implying a highly organized water structure around stationary ligand solute molecule . The available area exposed to solvent becomes diminished with binding of solute to the stationary hydrophobic ligand. With this, there is decrease in organization of water structure increase system entropy (Amersham, 1999). In summary, rp-HPLC is based on â€Å"adsorption of hydrophobic molecules onto a hydrophobic solid support in a polar mobile phase†. Reverse phase HPLC has also been utilized in most analytical methods.

The Short Story Theories Of Ed :: essays research papers

In both of the articles, each author is trying to share his view, or theory on the short story. The view of Edgar Allen Poe is very pessimistic toward the novel and other forms of long fiction, while B.M. Ejxenbaum takes a more analytic approach. Poe writes, 'The novel certainly requires what is denominated a sustained effort—but this is a matter of perseverance, and has but a collateral relation to talent.'; Is the main difference between the authors of short stories and those of novels that the novel writers are just non-talented over-achievers? Indeed, it does take talent to be able to convey a story with little or no build up, character development or falling action, but it also takes talent to do so, and the effort you put into a work, such as a novel, is your talent, and it is directly related through thought and emotional drive. Ejxenbaum uses much less opinion in his explanation of the differing styles of short fiction and those of novels. The novel is based off a history, or of travels, while the short story, which is generally more fundamental in form, is based off folklore and anecdotes. The short story must be written on the basis of a contradiction or contrast, and carries the weight of the story at the ending. The action of a novel falls before the ending, with a falling action following. Poe speaks of unity of effect, and how it is not appreciated or understood by the common mind, but also how it is important to the story for the central effect to gravitate toward the end. This finale must make sense with everything which came before. Ejxenbaum quote Poe several times to give insight into how Poe created his unique and famous effects and moods. Poe was a master at creating effect, in most cases one of mystery and gloom, which drove his poems and short fiction. But he also was a storyteller, and like any good storyteller, he forms plots. And with those plots, he forms his moods and effect. Ejxenbaum sums up this idea with, 'The particular attention paid to the unexpected in the finale and, connected with it, a story structured on the basis of a riddle or and error which holds back the significance of the plot mainspring until the very end.'; The effect cannot exist without the plot, and the plot cannot exist without the effect.

Ilie Haures High School From Triton College

In college we must manage our time carefully and responsibly as we reach for what we plan to do. With as we grow older, the responsibilities grow up and always we have the feeling that the day is too short. For that we must be careful in taking our decision. The attendance is very important in high school. School attendance is a baseline factor in determining student success. You can't miss from the class without a good explanation. In college we want to be there every time, not to lose the main idea of the course and learn something new every day and apply to the next chapter.In high school we are some bored kids who hint that all that glitters is gold and nobody can tell us what to do with it. We just don't have any motivation to remain in the classes and wait to hear the bell so we can meet with our friends from other classes. As children, think that is one of the reason why we go to school. We can still find a lot of differences, but you may just be missing some importance in opi nions. Each has different conclusion on the topic. I have to manage my time very carefully because with a full time job and evening classes I need a good rest and sleep enough to be responsible and competent for the next day.For me it's important participation in school and concentrate on the course so can continue my study at home and know what have to work. I have my own motivation and am not forced by anyone to continue my studies. I prefer to study to enrich my vocabulary words and have a good package of knowledge to be prepared for the future and to have a greater chance of finding a better job. Everyone knows that people in high school and college could not be apart.

Current patterns of ill health Essay

Describe the current patterns of ill health and how they are monitored In the UK patterns of ill health are identified and monitored through the use of statistics which may be viewed on the National Statistics website. Responsible for producing statistics to be put together by our UK National Statistics organisation to illustrate patterns of ill health in the UK are government statistical departments. Government statistical departments that are major contributors to identifying and monitoring patterns of ill health in the UK include: the Department of Health, the Health and Safety Executive and the NHS Information Centre for Health and Social Care. Although statistics do provide a clear picture, they are not totally accurate for what they represent because there will always be information on illness that is not reported so statistics can only give us an idea of what ill health in England is really like. Here are some of the descriptions of the current patterns of ill health in the UK Lung cancer: Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that start off in one or both lungs but is usually in the cells that line the air passages. The abnormal cells do not develop into healthy lung tissue, they divide rapidly and form tumours. It is health concern as â€Å"Doctors in Britain are ‘missing opportunities’ to spot lung cancer at an early stage,† BBC News reports. A study found around a third of people with the condition die within 90 days of their initial diagnosis. http://www.nhs.uk and because there are usually no signs or symptoms in the early stages of lung cancer it is hard to diagnose so more people are dying from this cancer. Lung cancer is on the increase especially in women because of the sharp decrease in the incidence of male lung cancer over the past two decades reflects the decline in smoking prevalence among men. ‘Female smokers are also twice as likely to develop lung cancer as male smokers’ http://www.nhs.uk it is on the increase becuase Women aged between 25 and 34 are more stressed than anyone else in Britain, a new study has found. At that age, women are typicall y climbing the career ladder at work, caring for demanding young children at home and paying a mortgage meaning they are smoking more because of the stress.http://www.dailymail.co.uk Diabetes type 2: A person with type 2 diabetes has insulin resistance, meaning their pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin or the body doesn’t react properly to insulin. Insulin is used by the body to manage glucose, or sugar, levels in the blood and to  convert glucose into energy. ‘Type 2 diabetes occurs mainly in people aged over 40. 5 million people have diabetes but is more common in older people The rapid rise in the number of adults developing type 2 diabetes is due to, increasing levels of obesity, a lack of exercise, increase in unhealthy diets and an ageing population. The first-line treatment is diet, weight control and physical activity.’ http://www.patient.co.uk/ it becomes a concern as that person is causing it themselves because of their diet , or lack of exercise ect and can only help themselves Cystic fibrosis- Cystic fibrosis affects over 7500 people in the UK and over 2 million people in the UK carry the gene that causes it. It affects the internal organs, especially the lungs and the digestive system, by clogging them with thick sticky mucus. This makes it hard to breathe and digest food. It is a progressive disorder and currently there is no cure, an average life expectancy is 31 years, although improvements in treatment mean a baby born today could expect to live for longer. Cystic fibrosis is increasingly being diagnosed through screening but some babies and older children (and even adults) are diagnosed following unexplained illness. Treatments available include eating a healthy diet, exercising, physiotherapy treatment and medicine treatment. Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder. This means that in order to develop cystic fibrosis you need to inherit two cystic fibrosis genes, one from your mother and one from your father, and this is why it is on the increase as people who have the gene are having children. Coronary heart disease – (CHD) is a disease in which a waxy substance called plaque (plak) builds up inside the coronary arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle. When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called atherosclerosis. It’s responsible for around 74,000 deaths in the UK each year. About 1 in 5 men and 1 in 8 women die from CHD. CHD generally affects more men than women, but from the age of 50 the chances of developing CHD are similar for men and women. â€Å"That number of people get CHD looks likely to rise if we allow complacency and inactivity to ruin our lives.† Professor Sir Charles George blamed people’s increasingly unhealthy lifestyles to cause this. Std- sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infectious diseases that spread  from person to person through intimate contact. these diseases can cause serious harm such as getting HIV is a virus most commonly caught by having sex without a condom.The virus attacks the immune system, and weakens your ability to fight infections and disease.At the end of 2012, there were an estimated 98,400 people in the UK living with HIV. The majority were infected through sex (41,000 gay and bisexual men and 53,000 heterosexuals).Although there is no cure for HIV, treatments are now very effective, enabling people with HIV to live long and healthy lives.You will be encouraged to take regular exercise, eat a healthy diet, stop smoking. the reason why it is on the increase is because of sexual activity at a young age, having lots of sexual paretners are more at risk and having unprotected sex, many young adults are not using condoms meaning that diseases like chylamida are increasing and more sexua l diseases are being spread around as there are also not really any symptoms to suggest you have a std. liver disease. There are over 100 types of liver disease, which together affect at least 2 million people in the UK. the most common are alcohol-related liver disease, where the liver is damaged after years of alcohol misuse, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, usually seen in people who are overweight or obese and hepatitis, which is inflammation (swelling) of the liver caused by a viral infection or exposure to harmful substances such as alcohol. the deaths becuase of liver disease has increased by 40% in the last 12 years due to alcohol. www.thegurdian.com Regional study shows significant variations in mortality across country, and men twice as likely to be diagnosed as women, studies have shown that this is becuase young men are more likely to drink more on a night out also when they are stressed and angry they turn to alcohol. â€Å"men and women have different types of stress-related psychological disorders. Women have greater rates of depression and some types of anxiety disorders than men, while men have greater rates of alcohol-use disorders than women† breast cancer- Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that starts in the cells of the breast. A malignant tumor is a group of cancer cells that can grow into (invade) surrounding tissues or spread (metastasize) to distant areas of the body. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in the UK. In 2011, just under 50,000 women were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. Most  women who get it (8 out of 10) are over 50, but younger women, and in rare cases, men, can also get breast cancer. there are many factors as to why breast cancer is increasing some are, alcohol can cause breast cancer, and even drinking small amounts can increase the risk of this disease. After the menopause, women who are overweight or obese have a higher breast cancer risk than those who have a healthy weight. The Million Women Study also looked at body weight, and calculated that obesity accounts for 7 per cent of the UK’s breast cancer cases. women who work night shifts are also at a higher risk.